This background document accompanies the BNC’s call for an immediate, comprehensive military Embargo on Israel, issued on 9 July 2011. It examines the legal framework in which the call is made, Israel’s record of unlawful use of armed force, and the role of military cooperation with Israel , Israel’s military industry and the academy in maintaining Israel’s violations of international law and its system of apartheid, colonization and occupation against the Palestinian people. The document concludes with an overview of international legal obligations to end Israel’s unlawful use of armed force whose respect by governments, the UN and business corporations has yet to be ensured.